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The Antarctic is the very south part of the earth. Its area consists of the main continent, Antarctica, nearby islands, and surrounding seas. The total area is 52 million square kilometres. The Antarctic has the most severe climatу conditions with extremely low temperatures, powerful winds, snowstorms and mists. The lowest temperature ever registered is −91,2 °C.

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Wildlife in the Antarctic is absolutely terrific. It happened because of the unique natural environment and long isolation of the Antarctic. There are no mammals and freshwater fish at all, but there are some kinds of bacteria, fungi, lichen, algae, etc. In the Antarctic sea one can meet seals, fur seals, and whales. The seaside is full of penguins and seabirds.  

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In spite of being extremely "unfriendly", the Antarctic sea is full of fish which are highly valuable. Some western areas of Antarctica are very prosperous in the way of extracting mineral resources and rare-earth metals like coal, ironstone, silver, gold, platinum and many others. However, according to the international agreement any extracting activity is prohibited.   

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In the Antarctic, human impact on climate is tending to be minimal, which gives humanity the opportunity to use that area to research the problem of climate change. Thus, the received data show the real situation in one of the greatest modern problems without great distortion. 

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Eight countries claim the Antarctic to be their part. Luckily, after the international geographic year in 1957—1958 where 12 countries took part it was decided that the Antarctic must be used for the benefit of the whole humanity. International collaboration is welcome in research and scientific expeditions. 

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After the giant tsunami hit Japan in 2011, many cities decided to promote 1)___________urban development. After overcoming 2) __________, people started thinking much about different ways to protect themselves from future disasters. Numerous coastal cities, which had been 3) ____________, constructed kilometres of high-quality breakwaters while the other decided not to 4) ____________ . They took different tsunami 5) __________ instead. The dormitory suburbs and the most important facilities were 6) ___________. In some locations the original ground surface was raised by several metres. For this purpose, soil was taken from the mountains and then 7)__________ .
 

1.

grief and sorrow

2.

struck by 5 to 15-meter waves

3.

disaster-resilient

4.

countermeasures

5.

relocated to higher ground

6.

rely on seawalls

7.

piled up to create evacuation areas